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Ohm's Law, the Reconnection Rate, and Energy Conversion in Collisionless Magnetic Reconnection
Phan, Tai; Cassak, Paul A.; Hoshino, Masahiro +12 more
Magnetic reconnection is a ubiquitous plasma process that transforms magnetic energy into particle energy during eruptive events throughout the universe. Reconnection not only converts energy during solar flares and geomagnetic substorms that drive space weather near Earth, but it may also play critical roles in the high energy emissions from the …
Jets Downstream of Collisionless Shocks: Recent Discoveries and Challenges
Raptis, Savvas; Blanco-Cano, Xóchitl; Karlsson, Tomas +19 more
Plasma flows with enhanced dynamic pressure, known as magnetosheath jets, are often found downstream of collisionless shocks. As they propagate through the magnetosheath, they interact with the surrounding plasma, shaping its properties, and potentially becoming geoeffective upon reaching the magnetopause. In recent years (since 2016), new researc…
The Role of Kinetic Instabilities and Waves in Collisionless Magnetic Reconnection
Khotyaintsev, Yu. V.; Graham, D. B.; Steinvall, K. +13 more
Magnetic reconnection converts magnetic field energy into particle energy by breaking and reconnecting magnetic field lines. Magnetic reconnection is a kinetic process that generates a wide variety of kinetic waves via wave-particle interactions. Kinetic waves have been proposed to play an important role in magnetic reconnection in collisionless p…
Quadratic Magnetic Gradients From Seven- And Nine-Spacecraft Constellations
Shen, Chao; Kieokaew, Rungployphan; Zeng, Gang +1 more
To uncover the dynamics of magnetized plasma, it is crucial to determine the geometric structure of the magnetic field, which depends on its linear and quadratic spatial gradients. Estimating the linear magnetic gradient requires at least 4 simultaneous magnetic measurements, while calculating the quadratic gradients generally requires at least 10…
From Foreshock 30-Second Waves to Magnetospheric Pc3 Waves
Kajdič, Primož; Pfau-Kempf, Yann; Turc, Lucile +7 more
Ultra-low frequency waves, with periods between 1-1000 s, are ubiquitous in the near-Earth plasma environment and play an important role in magnetospheric dynamics and in the transfer of electromagnetic energy from the solar wind to the magnetosphere. A class of those waves, often referred to as Pc3 waves when they are recorded from the ground, wi…
Statistical Study of Electric Pc5 Pulsations in the Inner Magnetosphere Observed by Cluster
Li, Xinlin; Liu, Wenlong; Zhang, Dianjun +3 more
Ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves in the Pc5 band are essential for the transport of electrons in the radiation belt and the transport of energy from the solar wind into the magnetosphere. Based on ∼14-year of electric field data from Cluster satellite, the spatial distributions of power spectral densities (PSD) of electric field ULF waves in the in…
VLF Transmitter Signals Observed by the Cluster Spacecraft Over a Wide Range of Latitudes
Santolík, O.; Němec, F.; Albert, J. M.
Very low frequency transmitter signals can penetrate through the ionosphere and propagate in the inner magnetosphere, being observed by spacecraft instruments with sufficient frequency resolution and range. We use 23 years of measurements performed by the Waves of High frequency and Sounder for Probing of Electron density by Relaxation instrument …
Investigation Of The Occurrence Of Significant Deviations In The Magnetopause Location: Solar-Wind And Foreshock Effects
Plaschke, Ferdinand; Grimmich, Niklas; Pöppelwerth, Adrian +7 more
Common magnetopause models can predict the location of the magnetopause with respect to upstream conditions from different sets of input parameters, including solar-wind pressure and the interplanetary magnetic field. However, recent studies have shown that some effects of upstream conditions may still be poorly understood since deviations between…
Energy injection, transport, and dissipation in Earth's magnetosphere
Cao, Jinbin; Fu, Huishan
The Earth's magnetosphere is a region occupied by many artificial satellites, and also is a region that spacecraft must cruise during the deep-space exploration. In this sense, the Earth's magnetosphere is closely related to human activity and is a candidate for us to expand our living space. Generally, the Earth's magnetosphere can preclude most …
Localization of the Cluster satellites in the geospace environment
Darrouzet, Fabien; De Keyser, Johan; Masson, Arnaud +10 more
The geometry of the terrestrial magnetized environment, or geospace, varies widely in space and time due to the Earth's magnetic field interactions with the interplanetary medium. A spacecraft's location in geospace is only approximately determined by its coordinates since the environment is inhomogeneous, with distinct physical processes occurrin…