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Energy injection, transport, and dissipation in Earth's magnetosphere

Cao, Jinbin; Fu, Huishan

The Earth's magnetosphere is a region occupied by many artificial satellites, and also is a region that spacecraft must cruise during the deep-space exploration. In this sense, the Earth's magnetosphere is closely related to human activity and is a candidate for us to expand our living space. Generally, the Earth's magnetosphere can preclude most …

Impact crater recognition methods: A review

Wu, Yunzhao; Chen, Dong; Hu, Fan +3 more

Impact craters are formed due to the high-speed collisions between small to medium-sized celestial bodies. Impact is the most significant driving force in the evolution of celestial bodies, and the impact craters provide crucial insights into the formation, evolution, and impact history of celestial bodies. In this paper, we present a detailed rev…

Short-term solar eruptive activity prediction models based on machine learning approaches: A review

Xu, Long; Zhao, Zhongrui; Erdélyi, R. +3 more

Solar eruptive activities, mainly including solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CME), and solar proton events (SPE), have an important impact on space weather and our technosphere. The short-term solar eruptive activity prediction is an active field of research in the space weather prediction. Numerical, statistical, and machine learning methods…

The solar wind plasma upstream of Mars observed by Tianwen-1: Comparison with Mars Express and MAVEN

Fränz, Markus; He, Jiansen; Rong, Zhaojin +16 more

On the great journey to Mars, China's first planetary exploration mission, the Tianwen-1 came within 26 million kilometers of Mars from 31 October 2020 to 25 January 2021 and was getting closer to its destination, the red planet, in search of answers to the cataclysmic climate change that occurred in Martian history. Both the escape of the Martian…

Magnetotail dipolarization fronts and particle acceleration: A review

Liu, Chengming; Grigorenko, Elena E.; Fu, Huishan +6 more

Close up observation and inversion of low-altitude ENA emissions during a substorm event

McKenna-Lawlor, Susan; Lu, Li; Balaz, Jan

During a series of substorm events on November 12 2004, the Neutral Atom Detector Unit (NUADU) flying onboard the TC-2 spacecraft observed, close to perigee, bright low-altitude Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) emissions from both north and south poles. Through utilizing high temporal and spatial resolution data inversion techniques we present here a …

Origin and Structures of Solar Eruptions I: Magnetic Flux Rope

Cheng, Xin; Guo, Yang; Ding, MingDe

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and solar flares are the large-scale and most energetic eruptive phenomena in our solar system and able to release a large quantity of plasma and magnetic flux from the solar atmosphere into the solar wind. When these high-speed magnetized plasmas along with the energetic particles arrive at the Earth, they may intera…

The causal sequence investigation of the ring current ion-flux increasing and the magnetotail ion injection during a major storm

Cao, JinBin; Li, Lu; McKenna-Lawlor, S. +2 more

Comprehensive records are available in ENA data of ring current activity recorded by the NUADU instrument aboard TC-2 on 15 May, 2005 during a major magnetic storm (which incorporated a series of substorms). Ion fluxes at 4-min temporal resolution derived from ENA data in the energy ranges 50-81 and 81-158 keV are compared with in situ particle fl…

New method for determining central axial orientation of flux rope embedded within current sheet using multipoint measurements

Chen, Tao; Li, ZhaoYu; Yan, GuangQing

A new method for determining the central axial orientation of a two-dimensional coherent magnetic flux rope (MFR) via multipoint analysis of the magnetic-field structure is developed. The method is devised under the following geometrical assumptions: (1) on its cross section, the structure is left-right symmetric; (2) the projected structure veloc…

Altitude of the upper boundary of AAR based on observations of ion beams in inverted-V structures: A case study

Xie, Lun; Parks, George; Cui, YanBo +5 more

Outflowing ion beams forming four successive inverted-V structures in the energy-time spectrograms of H+, He+, and O+ were observed at an altitude of 3.4 RE by Cluster satellites travelling above the auroral acceleration region (AAR) in the southern hemisphere on February 14, 2001. Energization by negative U-shaped potential structures in the AAR …