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Ultra-Low Frequency Waves of Foreshock Origin Upstream and Inside of the Magnetospheres of Earth, Mercury, and Saturn Related to Solar Wind–Magnetosphere Coupling

Juhász, Antal; Bebesi, Zsofia; Dwivedi, Navin Kumar +2 more

This review examines ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves across different planetary environments, focusing on Earth, Mercury, and Saturn. Data from spacecraft missions (CHAMP, Swarm, and Oersted for Earth; MESSENGER for Mercury; and Cassini for Saturn) provide insights into ULF wave dynamics. At Earth, compressional ULF waves, particularly Pc3 waves, …