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A Comparison of Flare Forecasting Methods. II. Benchmarks, Metrics, and Performance Results for Operational Solar Flare Forecasting Systems
Leka, K. D.; Gallagher, Peter T.; Murray, Sophie A. +21 more
Solar flares are extremely energetic phenomena in our solar system. Their impulsive and often drastic radiative increases, particularly at short wavelengths, bring immediate impacts that motivate solar physics and space weather research to understand solar flares to the point of being able to forecast them. As data and algorithms improve dramatica…
A Comparative Study of 2017 July and 2012 July Complex Eruptions: Are Solar Superstorms “Perfect Storms” in Nature?
Vourlidas, Angelos; Liu, Ying D.; Hu, Huidong +2 more
It is paramount from both scientific and societal perspectives to understand the generation of extreme space weather. We discuss the formation of solar superstorms based on a comparative study of the 2012 July 23 and 2017 July 23 eruptions. The first one is Carrington-class, and the second could rival the 1989 March event that caused the most inte…
An Atlas of Coronal Electron Density at 5R ⊙. II. A Spherical Harmonic Method for Density Reconstruction
Morgan, Huw
This is the second of a series of three papers that present a methodology with the aim of creating a set of maps of the coronal density over a period of many years. This paper describes a method for reconstructing the coronal electron density based on spherical harmonics. By assuming a radial structure to the corona at the height of interest, line…
A New Automatic Tool for CME Detection and Tracking with Machine-learning Techniques
Zhang, Yan; Feng, Li; Lu, Lei +7 more
With the accumulation of coronal mass ejection (CME) observations by coronagraphs, automatic detection and tracking of CMEs has proven to be crucial. The excellent performance of the convolutional neural network in image classification, object detection, and other computer vision tasks motivates us to apply it to CME detection and tracking as well…
SPECTRUM: Synthetic Spectral Calculations for Global Space Plasma Modeling
Gombosi, T. I.; Toth, G.; Landi, E. +3 more
High-resolution spectroscopy is the most accurate tool for measuring the properties of the solar corona. However, interpreting measured line intensities and line profiles emitted by the optically thin solar corona is complicated by line-of-sight (LOS) integration, which leads to measuring weighted averages of the plasma properties along the LOS. L…