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On the probability of occurrence of extreme space weather events
Riley, Pete
By virtue of their rarity, extreme space weather events, such as the Carrington event of 1859, are difficult to study, their rates of occurrence are difficult to estimate, and prediction of a specific future event is virtually impossible. Additionally, events may be extreme relative to one parameter but normal relative to others. In this study, we…
L* neural networks from different magnetic field models and their applicability
Yu, Yiqun; Zaharia, Sorin; Koller, Josef +1 more
The third adiabatic invariant L* plays an important role in modeling and understanding the radiation belt dynamics. The typical way to numerically calculate the L* value follows the method described by Roederer (1970), which is just a line integration method that is computationally slow and expensive. This work describes the application of an arti…
GNSS measurement of EUV photons flux rate during strong and mid solar flares
Hernández-Pajares, M.; García-Rigo, A.; Juan, J. M. +3 more
A new GNSS Solar Flare Activity Indicator (GSFLAI) is presented, given by the gradient of the ionospheric Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) rate, in terms of the solar-zenithal angle, measured from a global network of dual-frequency GPS receivers. It is highly correlated with the Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) photons flux rate at the 26-34 nm spe…