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Properties and geoeffectiveness of halo coronal mass ejections

Gopalswamy, N.; Michalek, G.; Yashiro, S. +1 more

Halo coronal mass ejections (HCMEs) originating from regions close to the center of the Sun are likely to be geoeffective. Assuming that the shape of HCMEs is a cone and that the HCMEs propagate with constant angular widths and velocities, at least in their early phase, we have developed a technique which allowed us to obtain the space speed, widt…

Improved input to the empirical coronal mass ejection (CME) driven shock arrival model from CME cone models

St. Cyr, O. C.; Gopalswamy, N.; Michalek, G. +4 more

We study the Sun-Earth travel time of interplanetary shocks driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) using empirical cone models. Three different cone models have been used to obtain the radial speeds of the CMEs, which are then used as input to the empirical shock arrival (ESA) model to obtain the Sun to Earth travel time of the shocks. We compare…

Solar energetic particle flux enhancement as an indicator of halo coronal mass ejection geoeffectiveness

Watermann, J.; Gleisner, H.

Nearly all strong magnetic storms are generated by halo coronal mass ejections (CMEs), but most frontside halo CMEs are not followed by strong storms. Hence additional information is required to discriminate highly geoeffective CMEs from those less geoeffective. There is a tendency for the strongest magnetic storms to be generated by the fastest C…