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Ohm's Law, the Reconnection Rate, and Energy Conversion in Collisionless Magnetic Reconnection
Phan, Tai; Cassak, Paul A.; Hoshino, Masahiro +12 more
Magnetic reconnection is a ubiquitous plasma process that transforms magnetic energy into particle energy during eruptive events throughout the universe. Reconnection not only converts energy during solar flares and geomagnetic substorms that drive space weather near Earth, but it may also play critical roles in the high energy emissions from the …
Jets Downstream of Collisionless Shocks: Recent Discoveries and Challenges
Raptis, Savvas; Blanco-Cano, Xóchitl; Karlsson, Tomas +19 more
Plasma flows with enhanced dynamic pressure, known as magnetosheath jets, are often found downstream of collisionless shocks. As they propagate through the magnetosheath, they interact with the surrounding plasma, shaping its properties, and potentially becoming geoeffective upon reaching the magnetopause. In recent years (since 2016), new researc…
The Magnetic Field Structure of Coronal Mass Ejections: A More Realistic Representation
Lugaz, Noé; Al-Haddad, Nada
It is often accepted that the magnetic field structure of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) is accurately represented by the highly twisted circular cross-section magnetic flux rope model, which is the basis of all most commonly used sketches and representations of CMEs. This paradigm has been developed based on studies in the 1970s and 1980s, and it …
The Role of Kinetic Instabilities and Waves in Collisionless Magnetic Reconnection
Khotyaintsev, Yu. V.; Graham, D. B.; Steinvall, K. +13 more
Magnetic reconnection converts magnetic field energy into particle energy by breaking and reconnecting magnetic field lines. Magnetic reconnection is a kinetic process that generates a wide variety of kinetic waves via wave-particle interactions. Kinetic waves have been proposed to play an important role in magnetic reconnection in collisionless p…
From Foreshock 30-Second Waves to Magnetospheric Pc3 Waves
Kajdič, Primož; Pfau-Kempf, Yann; Turc, Lucile +7 more
Ultra-low frequency waves, with periods between 1-1000 s, are ubiquitous in the near-Earth plasma environment and play an important role in magnetospheric dynamics and in the transfer of electromagnetic energy from the solar wind to the magnetosphere. A class of those waves, often referred to as Pc3 waves when they are recorded from the ground, wi…
Seasonal and Short Timescale Changes on the Martian Surface: Multi-Spacecraft Perspectives
Thomas, N.; Schmidt, F.; Tirsch, D. +7 more
The continued operation of missions such as Mars Express, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter has greatly enhanced our knowledge of seasonal processes on Mars. The most apparent evidence of the importance of seasons on Mars on the large scale is annual variation in the sizes of the Martian polar caps. However, high resol…