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Implications of X-ray Observations for Electron Acceleration and Propagation in Solar Flares
Aschwanden, M. J.; Liu, W.; Zharkova, V. V. +6 more
High-energy X-rays and γ-rays from solar flares were discovered just over fifty years ago. Since that time, the standard for the interpretation of spatially integrated flare X-ray spectra at energies above several tens of keV has been the collisional thick-target model. After the launch of the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (…
Ion Energization and Escape on Mars and Venus
Fedorov, A.; Lundin, R.; Dubinin, E. +4 more
Mars and Venus do not have a global magnetic field and as a result solar wind interacts directly with their ionospheres and upper atmospheres. Neutral atoms ionized by solar UV, charge exchange and electron impact, are extracted and scavenged by solar wind providing a significant loss of planetary volatiles. There are different channels and routes…
The Induced Magnetospheres of Mars, Venus, and Titan
Szego, K.; Fraenz, M.; Edberg, N. +4 more
This article summarizes and aims at comparing the main features of the induced magnetospheres of Mars, Venus and Titan. All three objects form a well-defined induced magnetosphere (IM) and magnetotail as a consequence of the interaction of an external wind of plasma with the ionosphere and the exosphere of these objects. In all three, photoionizat…
Properties of Energetic Ions in the Solar Atmosphere from γ-Ray and Neutron Observations
Vilmer, N.; MacKinnon, A. L.; Hurford, G. J.
Gamma-rays and neutrons are the only sources of information on energetic ions present during solar flares and on properties of these ions when they interact in the solar atmosphere. The production of γ-rays and neutrons results from convolution of the nuclear cross-sections with the ion distribution functions in the atmosphere. The observed γ-ray …
Review of Pi2 Models
Keiling, Andreas; Takahashi, Kazue
More than half a century after the discovery of Pi2 pulsations, Pi2 research is still vigorous and evolving. Especially in the last decade, new results have provided supporting evidence for some Pi2 models, challenged earlier interpretations, and led to entirely new models. We have gone beyond the inner magnetosphere and have explored the outer ma…
Properties of Near-Earth Magnetic Reconnection from In-Situ Observations
Fuselier, S. A.; Lewis, W. S.
Many properties of magnetic reconnection have been determined from in-situ spacecraft observations in the Earth's magnetosphere. Recent studies have focused on ion scale lengths and have largely confirmed theoretical predictions. In addition, some interesting features of reconnection regions on electron scale lengths have been identified. These re…
Reconnection and Waves: A Review with a Perspective
Fujimoto, M.; Shinohara, I.; Kojima, H.
This review is intended to help prepare a new stage of wave studies in the context of magnetic reconnection. Various results that have accumulated would not let the two-dimensional, steady and laminar magnetic reconnection to remain as the standard model. Emphasis on three-dimensional, temporally varying, and turbulent effects is growing and this …
Ion Acceleration and Outflow from Mars and Venus: An Overview
Lundin, Rickard
Solar wind forcing of Mars and Venus results in outflow and escape of ionospheric ions. Observations show that the replenishment of ionospheric ions starts in the dayside at low altitudes (≈300-800 km), ions moving at a low velocity (5-10 km/s) in the direction of the external/ magnetosheath flow. At high altitudes, in the inner magnetosheath and …
Upstream of Saturn and Titan
André, N.; Coates, A. J.; Jackman, C. M. +8 more
The formation of Titan's induced magnetosphere is a unique and important example in the solar system of a plasma-moon interaction where the moon has a substantial atmosphere. The field and particle conditions upstream of Titan are important in controlling the interaction and also play a strong role in modulating the chemistry of the ionosphere. In…
ARTEMIS Science Objectives
Russell, C. T.; Khurana, K. K.; Eastwood, J. P. +17 more
NASA's two spacecraft ARTEMIS mission will address both heliospheric and planetary research questions, first while in orbit about the Earth with the Moon and subsequently while in orbit about the Moon. Heliospheric topics include the structure of the Earth's magnetotail; reconnection, particle acceleration, and turbulence in the Earth's magnetosph…