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Space Weather Effects Produced by the Ring Current Particles
Jaynes, Allison; Ganushkina, Natalia; Liemohn, Michael
One of the definitions of space weather describes it as the time-varying space environment that may be hazardous to technological systems in space and/or on the ground and/or endanger human health or life. The ring current has its contributions to space weather effects, both in terms of particles, ions and electrons, which constitute it, and magne…
Solar Magnetoconvection and Small-Scale Dynamo. Recent Developments in Observation and Simulation
Solanki, S. K.; Borrero, J. M.; Schüssler, M. +1 more
A number of observational and theoretical aspects of solar magnetoconvection are considered in this review. We discuss recent developments in our understanding of the small-scale structure of the magnetic field on the solar surface and its interaction with convective flows, which is at the centre of current research. Topics range from plage areas …
The Scientific Foundations of Forecasting Magnetospheric Space Weather
Eastwood, J. P.; Nakamura, R.; Turc, L. +2 more
The magnetosphere is the lens through which solar space weather phenomena are focused and directed towards the Earth. In particular, the non-linear interaction of the solar wind with the Earth's magnetic field leads to the formation of highly inhomogenous electrical currents in the ionosphere which can ultimately result in damage to and problems w…
Aeronomy of the Venus Upper Atmosphere
Pätzold, M.; López-Valverde, M. A.; Drossart, P. +3 more
We present aeronomical observations collected using remote sensing instruments on board Venus Express, complemented with ground-based observations and numerical modeling. They are mostly based on VIRTIS and SPICAV measurements of airglow obtained in the nadir mode and at the limb above 90 km. They complement our understanding of the behavior of Ve…
Analysis of Local Slopes at the InSight Landing Site on Mars
Kirk, R. L.; Golombek, M. P.; Fergason, R. L. +6 more
To evaluate the topography of the surface within the InSight candidate landing ellipses, we generated Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) at lander scales and those appropriate for entry, descent, and landing simulations, along with orthoimages of both images in each stereopair, and adirectional slope images. These products were used to assess the distr…
Particle Radiation Sources, Propagation and Interactions in Deep Space, at Earth, the Moon, Mars, and Beyond: Examples of Radiation Interactions and Effects
Downs, Cooper; Riley, Pete; Kozarev, Kamen +13 more
Particle radiation has significant effects for astronauts, satellites and planetary bodies throughout the Solar System. Acute space radiation hazards pose risks to human and robotic exploration. This radiation also naturally weathers the exposed surface regolith of the Moon, the two moons of Mars, and other airless bodies, and contributes to chemi…
The Life Cycle of Active Region Magnetic Fields
Cheung, M. C. M.; van Driel-Gesztelyi, L.; Martínez Pillet, V. +1 more
We present a contemporary view of how solar active region magnetic fields are understood to be generated, transported and dispersed. Empirical trends of active region properties that guide model development are discussed. Physical principles considered important for active region evolution are introduced and advances in modeling are reviewed.
Minimal Magnetic States of the Sun and the Solar Wind: Implications for the Origin of the Slow Solar Wind
von Steiger, R.; Cliver, E. W.
During the last decade it has been proposed that both the Sun and the solar wind have minimum magnetic states, lowest order levels of magnetism that underlie the 11-yr cycle as well as longer-term variability. Here we review the literature on basal magnetic states at the Sun and in the heliosphere and draw a connection between the two based on the…
Key Ground-Based and Space-Based Assets to Disentangle Magnetic Field Sources in the Earth's Environment
Milan, S. E.; Masson, A.; Matzka, J. +1 more
The magnetic field measured on the ground or in space is the addition of several sources: from flows within the Earth's core to electric currents in distant regions of the magnetosphere. Properly separating and characterizing these sources requires appropriate observations, both ground-based and space-based. In the present paper, we review the exi…
On-Ground Performance and Calibration of the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter CaSSIS Imager
Cremonese, G.; Da Deppo, V.; Thomas, N. +22 more
The European Space Agency's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) seeks to investigate the biological or geological origin of trace gases found on Mars. The TGO carries a payload of four instruments in order to reach its scientific goals, including the Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS). CaSSIS is a colour and stereo telescopic camera tha…