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The Physical Processes of CME/ICME Evolution
Vršnak, Bojan; Lugaz, Noé; Liu, Ying D. +4 more
As observed in Thomson-scattered white light, coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are manifest as large-scale expulsions of plasma magnetically driven from the corona in the most energetic eruptions from the Sun. It remains a tantalizing mystery as to how these erupting magnetic fields evolve to form the complex structures we observe in the solar wind a…
Geoeffective Properties of Solar Transients and Stream Interaction Regions
Balogh, A.; Kilpua, E. K. J.; von Steiger, R. +1 more
Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs), their possible shocks and sheaths, and co-rotating interaction regions (CIRs) are the primary large-scale heliospheric structures driving geospace disturbances at the Earth. CIRs are followed by a faster stream where Alfvénic fluctuations may drive prolonged high-latitude activity. In this paper we hi…
Origins of the Ambient Solar Wind: Implications for Space Weather
Cranmer, Steven R.; Riley, Pete; Gibson, Sarah E.
The Sun's outer atmosphere is heated to temperatures of millions of degrees, and solar plasma flows out into interplanetary space at supersonic speeds. This paper reviews our current understanding of these interrelated problems: coronal heating and the acceleration of the ambient solar wind. We also discuss where the community stands in its abilit…
Acceleration and Propagation of Solar Energetic Particles
Klein, Karl-Ludwig; Dalla, Silvia
Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) are an important component of Space Weather, including radiation hazard to humans and electronic equipment, and the ionisation of the Earth's atmosphere. We review the key observations of SEPs, our current understanding of their acceleration and transport, and discuss how this knowledge is incorporated within Space…
Heliosheath Processes and the Structure of the Heliopause: Modeling Energetic Particles, Cosmic Rays, and Magnetic Fields
Wurz, P.; Fichtner, H.; Scherer, K. +11 more
This paper summarizes the results obtained by the team "Heliosheath Processes and the Structure of the Heliopause: Modeling Energetic Particles, Cosmic Rays, and Magnetic Fields" supported by the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland. We focus on the physical processes occurring in the outer heliosphere, especially at i…
The Global Solar Dynamo
Cameron, R. H.; Dikpati, M.; Brandenburg, A.
A brief summary of the various observations and constraints that underlie solar dynamo research are presented. The arguments that indicate that the solar dynamo is an alpha-omega dynamo of the Babcock-Leighton type are then shortly reviewed. The main open questions that remain are concerned with the subsurface dynamics, including why sunspots emer…
Achievements and Challenges in the Science of Space Weather
Veronig, Astrid; Balogh, André; Koskinen, Hannu E. J. +3 more
In June 2016 a group of 40 space weather scientists attended the workshop on Scientific Foundations of Space Weather at the International Space Science Institute in Bern. In this lead article to the volume based on the talks and discussions during the workshop we review some of main past achievements in the field and outline some of the challenges…