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Implications of X-ray Observations for Electron Acceleration and Propagation in Solar Flares

Aschwanden, M. J.; Liu, W.; Zharkova, V. V. +6 more

High-energy X-rays and γ-rays from solar flares were discovered just over fifty years ago. Since that time, the standard for the interpretation of spatially integrated flare X-ray spectra at energies above several tens of keV has been the collisional thick-target model. After the launch of the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (…

Properties of Energetic Ions in the Solar Atmosphere from γ-Ray and Neutron Observations

Vilmer, N.; MacKinnon, A. L.; Hurford, G. J.

Gamma-rays and neutrons are the only sources of information on energetic ions present during solar flares and on properties of these ions when they interact in the solar atmosphere. The production of γ-rays and neutrons results from convolution of the nuclear cross-sections with the ion distribution functions in the atmosphere. The observed γ-ray …

INTEGRAL: Science Highlights and Future Prospects

Wilms, Jörn; Winkler, Christoph; Ubertini, Pietro +1 more

ESA's hard X-ray and soft gamma-ray observatory INTEGRAL is covering the 3 keV to 10 MeV energy band, with excellent sensitivity during long and uninterrupted observations of a large field of view (∼100 square degrees), with ms time resolution and keV energy resolution. It links the energy band of pointed soft X-ray missions such as XMM-Newton wit…