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Reconstructing Sunspot Number by Forward-Modelling Open Solar Flux

Pope, Benjamin J. S.; Lockwood, Mike; Owens, Mathew J. +4 more

The open solar flux (OSF) is the integrated unsigned magnetic flux leaving the top of the solar atmosphere to form the heliospheric magnetic field. As the OSF modulates the intensity of galactic cosmic rays at Earth, the production rate of cosmogenic isotopes - such as ¹⁴C and ¹⁰Be stored in tree rings and ice sheets - is clo…

Reconstruction of Carrington Rotation Means of Open Solar Flux over the Past 154 Years

Lockwood, Mike; Owens, Mat

We generate reconstructions of signed open solar flux (OSF) for the past 154 years using observations of geomagnetic activity. Previous reconstructions have been limited to annual resolution, but this is here increased by a factor of more than 13 by using averages over Carrington rotation (CR) intervals. We use two indices of geomagnetic activity,…