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Extreme solar EUV flares and ICMEs and resultant extreme ionospheric effects: Comparison of the Halloween 2003 and the Bastille Day events

Tsurutani, B. T.; Verkhoglyadova, O. P.; Judge, D. L. +9 more

Extreme solar flares can cause extreme ionospheric effects. The 28 October 2003 flare caused a ~25 total electron content units (TECU = 10¹⁶ el/m² column density), or a ~30%, increase in the local noon equatorial ionospheric column density. The rise in the TEC enhancement occurred in ~5 min. This TEC increase was ~5 times the…