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A brief review of “solar flare effects” on the ionosphere

Lakhina, G. S.; Tsurutani, B. T.; Verkhoglyadova, O. P. +3 more

The study of solar flare effects (SFEs) on the ionosphere is having a renaissance. The development of GPS ground and satellite data for scientific use has opened up new means for high time resolution research on SFEs. At present, without continuous flare photon spectra (X rays, EUV, UV, and visible) monitoring instrumentation, the best way to mode…

Extreme solar EUV flares and ICMEs and resultant extreme ionospheric effects: Comparison of the Halloween 2003 and the Bastille Day events

Tsurutani, B. T.; Verkhoglyadova, O. P.; Judge, D. L. +9 more

Extreme solar flares can cause extreme ionospheric effects. The 28 October 2003 flare caused a ~25 total electron content units (TECU = 10¹⁶ el/m² column density), or a ~30%, increase in the local noon equatorial ionospheric column density. The rise in the TEC enhancement occurred in ~5 min. This TEC increase was ~5 times the…