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Anomalous Orbital-Energy Changes Observed during Spacecraft Flybys of Earth

Anderson, John D.; Campbell, James K.; Ekelund, John E. +2 more

We report and characterize anomalous orbital-energy changes observed during six Earth flybys by the Galileo, NEAR, Cassini, Rosetta, and MESSENGER spacecraft. These anomalous energy changes are consistent with an empirical prediction formula which is proportional to the total orbital energy per unit mass and which involves the incoming and outgoin…