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Electron and Ion Dynamics of the Solar Wind Interaction with a Weakly Outgassing Comet

Henri, Pierre; Divin, Andrey; Deca, Jan +4 more

Using a 3D fully kinetic approach, we disentangle and explain the ion and electron dynamics of the solar wind interaction with a weakly outgassing comet. We show that, to first order, the dynamical interaction is representative of a four-fluid coupled system. We self-consistently simulate and identify the origin of the warm and suprathermal electr…

Anomalous Orbital-Energy Changes Observed during Spacecraft Flybys of Earth

Anderson, John D.; Campbell, James K.; Ekelund, John E. +2 more

We report and characterize anomalous orbital-energy changes observed during six Earth flybys by the Galileo, NEAR, Cassini, Rosetta, and MESSENGER spacecraft. These anomalous energy changes are consistent with an empirical prediction formula which is proportional to the total orbital energy per unit mass and which involves the incoming and outgoin…