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Variations in solar luminosity and their effect on the Earth's climate

Fröhlich, C.; Foukal, P.; Spruit, H. +1 more

Variations in the Sun's total energy output (luminosity) are caused by changing dark (sunspot) and bright structures on the solar disk during the 11-year sunspot cycle. The variations measured from spacecraft since 1978 are too small to have contributed appreciably to accelerated global warming over the past 30 years. In this Review, we show that …