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Extreme solar events

Shibata, Kazunari; Schrijver, Carolus J.; Usoskin, Ilya G. +1 more

We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the 1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the largest observed/inferred/theoretical cases of sunspot groups, flares on the Sun and Sun-like stars, coronal mass ejections, solar proton events, and geomagnetic stor…