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The toroidal curvatures of interplanetary coronal mass ejection flux ropes from multi-point observations

Luhmann, J. G.; Lai, H. R.; Russell, C. T. +5 more

Interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), characterized by their magnetic flux ropes, could potentially trigger geomagnetic disturbances. They have been attracting extensive investigations for decades. Despite numerous ICME models proposed in the past, few account for the curvature of the flux rope axis. In this study, we use conjunction obse…

The solar wind heavy ion composition in the ascending phases of the solar cycles 23 and 25

Livi, S.; Galvin, A. B.; Kistler, L. M. +5 more

The approximately 11-year solar cycle has been shown to impact the heavy ion composition of the solar wind, even when accounting for streams of differing speeds; however, the heavy ion composition observed between the same specific phases of a past solar cycle and the current cycle has rarely, if ever, been compared. Here, we compare the heavy ion…