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Venus Express: Scientific goals, instrumentation, and scenario of the mission

Barabash, S.; Zhang, T. L.; Bertaux, J. -L. +23 more

The first European mission to Venus (Venus Express) is described. It is based on a repeated use of the Mars Express design with minor modifications dictated in the main by more severe thermal environment at Venus. The main scientific task of the mission is global exploration of the Venusian atmosphere, circumplanetary plasma, and the planet surfac…

Exploration of Venus with the Venera-15 IR Fourier spectrometer and the Venus Express planetary Fourier spectrometer

Ignatiev, N. I.; Zasova, L. V.; Formisano, V. +2 more

The infrared spectrometry of Venus in the range 6-45 µm allows one to sound the middle atmosphere of Venus in the altitude range 55-100 km and its cloud layer. This experiment was carried out onboard the Soviet automatic interplanetary Venera-15 station, where the Fourier spectrometer for this spectral range was installed. The measurements h…