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Cosmic rays in the heliosphere: Observations

Moraal, Harm

This contribution to the 100th commemoration of the discovery of cosmic rays (6-8 August, 2012 in Bad Saarow, Germany) is about observations of those cosmic rays that are sensitive to the structure and the dynamics of the heliosphere. This places them in the energy range of 10⁷-10¹⁰ eV. For higher energies the heliosphere bec…

Towards a fluid description of directional particle flux observations

Moussas, X.; Polygiannakis, J. M.; Alevizos, A.

We propose that, whenever directional flux measurements of a population of particles (e.g. solar energetic particles, cosmic rays, solar wind plasma) of well-defined energy resolution are available, new macroscopic fluid-like quantities (namely the energy dependent analog of density, mean velocity, anisotropic pressure, temperature and heat flux) …