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The Evolution of the Star-Forming Interstellar Medium Across Cosmic Time
Sternberg, Amiel; Genzel, Reinhard; Tacconi, Linda J.
Over the past decade, increasingly robust estimates of the dense molecular gas content in galaxy populations between redshift z = 0 and the peak of cosmic galaxy/star formation (z ∼ 1-3) have become available. This rapid progress has been possible due to the advent of powerful ground- and space-based telescopes for the combined study of several mi…
Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way
Helmi, Amina
The advent of the second data release of the Gaia mission, in combination with data from large spectroscopic surveys, is revolutionizing our understanding of the Galaxy. Thanks to these transformational data sets and the knowledge accumulated thus far, a new, more mature picture of the evolution of the early Milky Way is currently emerging. Two of…
Evidence for Initial Mass Function Variation in Massive Early-Type Galaxies
Smith, Russell J.
The initial mass function (IMF), describing the distribution of birth masses of stars, plays a pivotal role in establishing the observable properties of galaxies. This article reviews the evidence for variation in the IMF of massive early-type galaxies (ETGs), especially from spectroscopic studies and from dynamical and gravitational lensing measu…