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Hybrid simulations of the O ⁺ ion escape from Venus: Influence of the solar wind density and the IMF x component

Kallio, E.; Janhunen, P.; Lammer, H. +6 more

As an initial effort to study the evolution of the Venus atmosphere, the influence of the solar wind density and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) x component (the x-axis points from Venus towards the Sun) on the O ⁺ ion escape rate from Venus is investigated using a three-dimensional quasi-neutral hybrid (HYB-Venus) model. The HY…