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Propagation of cosmic rays in heliosphere: The HELMOD model

Gervasi, M.; Rancoita, P. G.; Boschini, M. J. +2 more

The heliospheric modulation model HELMOD is a two dimensional treatment dealing with the helio-colatitude and radial distance from Sun and is employed to solve the transport-equation for the GCR propagation through the heliosphere down to Earth. This work presents the current version 3 of the HELMOD model and reviews how main processes involved in…

Geoeffectiveness of interplanetary shocks controlled by impact angles: A review

Samsonov, A. A.; Oliveira, D. M.

The high variability of the Sun's magnetic field is responsible for the generation of perturbations that propagate throughout the heliosphere. Such disturbances often drive interplanetary shocks in front of their leading regions. Strong shocks transfer momentum and energy into the solar wind ahead of them which in turn enhance the solar wind inter…