GOODS-ALMA: The slow downfall of star formation in z = 2-3 massive galaxies
Magnelli, B.; Daddi, E.; Elbaz, D.; Lagache, G.; Gómez-Guijarro, C.; Xiao, M.; Béthermin, M.; Franco, M.; Dickinson, M.; Demarco, R.; Inami, H.; Rujopakarn, W.; Shu, X.; Chary, R.; Zhou, L.; Alexander, D. M.; Bournaud, F.; Ciesla, L.; Finkelstein, S. L.; Giavalisco, M.; Iono, D.; Juneau, S.; Lin, L.; Motohara, K.; Mullaney, J.; Okumura, K.; Pannella, M.; Papovich, C.; Pope, A.; Wang, T.; Silverman, J.; Magdis, G.; Sargent, M.; Schreiber, C.; Nagar, N.; Ferguson, H.; Coogan, R. T.
France, United Kingdom, China, Germany, United States, Chile, Denmark, Greece, Japan, Taiwan, Italy, Thailand
Abstract
We investigate the properties of a sample of 35 galaxies, detected with the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) at 1.1 mm in the GOODS-ALMA field (area of 69 arcmin2, resolution = 0.60″, rms ≃ 0.18 mJy beam-1). Using the ultraviolet-to-radio deep multiwavelength coverage of the GOODS-South field, we fit the spectral energy distributions of these galaxies to derive their key physical properties. The galaxies detected by ALMA are among the most massive at z = 2-4 (M⋆, med = 8.5 × 1010 M⊙) and they are either starburst or located in the upper part of the galaxy star-forming main sequence. A significant portion of our galaxy population (∼40%), located at z ∼ 2.5 - 3, exhibits abnormally low gas fractions. The sizes of these galaxies, measured with ALMA, are compatible with the trend between the rest-frame 5000 Å size and stellar mass observed for z ∼ 2 elliptical galaxies, suggesting that they are building compact bulges. We show that there is a strong link between star formation surface density (at 1.1 mm) and gas depletion time: The more compact a galaxy's star-forming region is, the shorter its lifetime will be (without gas replenishment). The identified compact sources associated with relatively short depletion timescales (∼100 Myr) are the ideal candidates to be the progenitors of compact elliptical galaxies at z ∼ 2.