The Optically Unbiased GRB Host (TOUGH) Survey. V. VLT/X-shooter Emission-line Redshifts for Swift GRBs at z ~ 2

Abstract

We present simultaneous optical and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy of 19 Swift γ-ray burst (GRB) host galaxies observed with the VLT/X-shooter with the aim of measuring their redshifts. Galaxies were selected from The Optically Unbiased GRB Host (TOUGH) survey (15 of the 19 galaxies) or because they hosted GRBs without a bright optical afterglow. Here we provide emission-line redshifts for 13 of the observed galaxies with brightnesses between F606W > 27 mag and R = 22.9 mag (median \tilde{R}=24.6\,{mag}). The median redshift is \tilde{z}=2.1 for all hosts and \tilde{z}=2.3 for the TOUGH hosts. Our new data significantly improve the redshift completeness of the TOUGH survey, which now stands at 77% (53 out of 69 GRBs). They furthermore provide accurate redshifts for nine prototype dark GRBs (e.g., GRB 071021 at z = 2.452 and GRB 080207 at z = 2.086), which are exemplary of GRBs where redshifts are challenging to obtain via afterglow spectroscopy. This establishes X-shooter spectroscopy as an efficient tool for redshift determination of faint, star-forming, high-redshift galaxies such as GRB hosts. It is hence a further step toward removing the bias in GRB samples that is caused by optically dark events, and provides the basis for a better understanding of the conditions in which GRBs form. The distribution of column densities as measured from X-ray data (N _{H, X}), for example, is closely related to the darkness of the afterglow and skewed toward low N _{H, X} values in samples that are dominated by bursts with bright optical afterglows.

Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory, Paranal, Chile, Program IDs: 177.A-0591, 080.A-0825, 084.A-0303, 086.B-0954, 087.B-0737, and 088.A-0644.