A New View of the Circumstellar Environment of SN 1987A
Crotts, Arlin P. S.; Lawrence, Stephen S.; Sugerman, Ben E. K.; Kunkel, William E.; Heathcote, Stephen R.
United States, Chile
Abstract
We summarize the analysis of a uniform set of both previously known and newly discovered scattered-light echoes, detected within 30" of SN 1987A in 10 years of optical imaging, and with which we have constructed the most complete three-dimensional model of the progenitor's circumstellar environment. Surrounding the SN is a richly structured bipolar nebula. An outer, double-lobed ``peanut,'' which we believe is the contact discontinuity between the red supergiant and main-sequence winds, is a prolate shell extending 28 lt-yr along the poles and 11 lt-yr near the equator. Napoleon's Hat, previously believed to be an independent structure, is the waist of this peanut, which is pinched to a radius of 6 lt-yr. Interior, the innermost circumstellar material lies along a cylindrical hourglass, 1 lt-yr in radius and 4 lt-yr long, which connects to the peanut by a thick equatorial disk. The nebulae are inclined 41° south and 8° east of the line of sight, slightly elliptical in cross section, and marginally offset west of the SN. The three-dimensional geometry of the three circumstellar rings is studied, suggesting the northern and southern rings are located 1.3 and 1.0 lt-yr from the SN, while the equatorial ring is elliptical (b/a<~0.98) and spatially offset in the same direction as the hourglass. Dust-scattering models of the observed echo fluxes suggest that between the hourglass and bipolar lobes: the gas density drops from 1 to 3 cm-3 to >~0.03 cm-3 the maximum dust-grain size increases from ~0.2 to 2 μm and the silicate:carbonaceous dust ratio decreases. The nebulae have a total mass of ~1.7 Msolar, yielding a red-supergiant mass loss around 5×10-6 Msolar yr-1. We compare these results to current formation models and find that no model has successfully reproduced this system. However, our results suggest a heuristic evolutionary sequence in which the progenitor evolves through two ``blue loops,'' perhaps accompanied by a close binary companion.