The Blue Supergiant Progenitor of the Supernova Imposter AT 2019krl
Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Kochanek, C. S.; Smith, Nathan; Strader, Jay; Blanc, Guillermo A.; Emsellem, Eric; Neustadt, Jack M. M.; Sand, David J.; Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Masci, Frank J.; Valenti, S.; Jencson, Jacob E.; Brink, Thomas G.; Milisavljevic, Dan; Andrews, Jennifer E.; Bostroem, K. Azalee; Kreckel, K.; Folatelli, Gastón; Szalai, Tamás; Santoro, Francesco; McElroy, Rebecca; Bersten, M. C.
United States, Germany, Argentina, Japan, Chile, France, Australia, Hungary
Abstract
Extensive archival Hubble Space Telescope, Spitzer Space Telescope, and Large Binocular Telescope imaging of the recent intermediate-luminosity transient, AT 2019krl in M74, reveal a bright optical and mid-infrared progenitor star. While the optical peak of the event was missed, a peak was detected in the infrared with an absolute magnitude of M4.5 μm = -18.4 mag, leading us to infer a visual-wavelength peak absolute magnitude of -13.5 to -14.5. The pre-discovery light curve indicated no outbursts over the previous 16 yr. The colors, magnitudes, and inferred temperatures of the progenitor best match a 13-14 M⊙ yellow or blue supergiant (BSG) if only foreground extinction is taken into account, or a hotter and more massive star if any additional local extinction is included. A pre-eruption spectrum of the star reveals strong Hα and [N II] emission with wings extending to ±2000 km s-1. The post-eruption spectrum is fairly flat and featureless with only Hα, Na I D, [Ca II], and the Ca II triplet in emission. As in many previous intermediate-luminosity transients, AT 2019krl shows remarkable observational similarities to luminous blue variable (LBV) giant eruptions, SN 2008S-like events, and massive-star mergers. However, the information about the pre-eruption star favors either a relatively unobscured BSG or a more extinguished LBV with M > 20 M⊙ likely viewed pole-on.