Global Transport of Chlorine Species in the Martian Atmosphere and the Resulting Surface Distribution of Perchlorates

Abstract

Recent observations by instruments aboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) have revealed the seasonal presence of hydrogen chloride ($\text{HCl}$) in the Martian atmosphere. This discovery may have important implications for Martian photochemistry as chlorine species are chemically active, and it may provide a link between the atmosphere and known surface reservoirs of chlorine. However, the global distribution of atmospheric $\text{HCl}$ is unknown beyond the very sparse TGO observations, and the source and sink processes driving the observed variability of $\text{HCl}$ are not currently understood. We used a Martian global climate model to investigate, for the first time, the spatial distribution of chlorine species in the Martian atmosphere, and the resulting distribution of surface perchlorates formed via adsorption of atmospheric chlorine species. We adapted an existing Martian photochemical scheme to include gas-phase chlorine chemistry with HCl as the source species, and the resulting atmospheric perchloric acid was allowed to deposit onto the Martian surface via a heterogeneous adsorption scheme. We found that odd-oxygen ($\mathrm{O},{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$) and odd-hydrogen ($\mathrm{H},\text{OH},{\text{HO}}_{2}$) species play a major role in controlling the distribution of atmospheric chorine species. Surface perchlorate deposition was found to occur preferentially at high latitudes; in the tropics, the perchlorate distribution was anti-correlated with surface thermal inertia and agreed qualitatively with observations of surface chlorine. Our model predicted a relative enhancement of HCl in polar regions, but it did not reproduce the observed strong seasonality of HCl, suggesting that heterogeneous chemistry may be required to explain the observed chlorine cycle.