JWST Observations Constrain the Time Evolution of Fine Structure Constants and Dark Energy-electromagnetic Coupling

Abstract

It was hypothesized in the literature that some physical parameters may be time-evolving and the astrophysical data can serve as a probe. Recently, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) released its early observations. In this work, we select the JWST spectroscopic observations of the high redshift (z > 7.1) galaxies with strong [O III] (λ = 4959 Å and 5007 Å in the rest frame) emission lines to constraint the evolution of the fine structure constant (α). With the spectra from two galaxies at redshifts of 7.19 and 8.47, the deviation of α from its fiducial value is found to be as small as 0.44‑8.3‑1.7+8.4+1.7×10‑4 and ‑10.0‑18‑1.5+18+1.5×10‑4 , respectively (the first error is statistical and the latter is systematic). The combination of our results with the previous data reveals that 1αdαdt=0.30‑4.5+4.5×10‑17yr‑1 . Clearly, there is no evidence for a cosmic evolution of α. The prospect of further constraining the time evolution of α is also discussed. The scalar field of dark energy is hypothesized to drive the acceleration of the universe's expansion through an interaction with the electromagnetic field. By integrating the observational data of the fine-structure constant variation, Δαα(z) , we have established a stringent upper limit on the coupling strength between dark energy and electromagnetism. Our analysis yields ζ ≤ 3.92 × 10^‑7 at the 95% confidence level, representing the most stringent bound to date.