Magnetosheath variations during the storm main phase on 20 November 2003: Evidence for solar wind density control of energy transfer to the magnetosphere

Abstract

Energy transfer from the solar wind into the magnetosphere and ionosphere is controlled by the southward magnetic field in the magnetosheath which under normal high Mach number conditions is about four times the solar wind southward field. In a low Mach number regime, however, the magnetosheath compression is diminished by a low solar wind density when the magnetic field remains steady. When magnetic clouds with extremely strong magnetic field cause severe geomagnetic storms under such low Mach number conditions, the density control of the energy transfer is expected to be important in understanding ring current evolution. Here we show evidence for such a density effect using in-situ observation by the GOES and Cluster spacecraft in the magnetosheath during the main phase of the super storm on 20 November 2003. Results from a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation with an embedded ring current model also support this density effect.