EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY

PEARLS: NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Extragalactic Survey of the JWST North Ecliptic Pole Time-domain Field II

DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad2b61 Bibcode: 2024ApJ...965..188Z

Koekemoer, Anton M.; Yan, Haojing; Willmer, Christopher N. A.; Windhorst, Rogier A.; Willner, S. P.; Marchesi, Stefano; Laha, Sibasish; Kikuta, Satoshi; Fornasini, Francesca M.; Jansen, Rolf A.; Dupke, Renato; Zhao, Xiurui; Varela, Jesús; Cristóbal-Hornillos, David; Civano, Francesca; Cenarro, Javier; Hernán-Caballero, Antonio; Chen, Chien-Ting; López-Sanjuan, Carlos; O'Brien, Rosalia; Benitez, Narciso; Alcaniz, Jailson; Bonoli, Silvia; Ederoclite, Alessandro; Marín-Franch, Antonio; Moles, Mariano; Taylor, Keith; de Oliveira, Claudia Mendes; Silver, Ross; Ramió, Héctor Vázquez; Creech, Samantha; Carneiro, Saulo; Sodré, Laerte, Jr.

United States, Spain, Brazil, Japan, Italy

Abstract

We present the second NuSTAR and XMM-Newton extragalactic survey of the JWST north ecliptic pole (NEP) time-domain field (TDF). The first NuSTAR NEP-TDF survey had 681 ks total exposure time executed in NuSTAR cycle 5 in 2019 and 2020. This second survey, acquired from 2020 to 2022 in cycle 6, adds 880 ks of NuSTAR exposure time. The overall NuSTAR NEP-TDF survey is the most sensitive NuSTAR extragalactic survey to date, and a total of 60 sources were detected above the 95% reliability threshold. We constrain the hard X-ray number counts, $\mathrm{log}N$ – $\mathrm{log}S$ , down to 1.7 × 10‑14 erg cm‑2 s‑1 at 8–24 keV and detect an excess of hard X-ray sources at the faint end. About 47% of the NuSTAR-detected sources are heavily obscured (N H > 1023 cm‑2), and ${18}_{-8}^{+20}$ % of the NuSTAR-detected sources are Compton-thick (N H > 1024 cm‑2). These fractions are consistent with those measured in other NuSTAR surveys. Four sources presented >2σ variability in the 3 yr survey. In addition to NuSTAR, a total of 62 ks of XMM-Newton observations were taken during NuSTAR cycle 6. The XMM-Newton observations provide soft X-ray (0.5–10 keV) coverage in the same field and enable more robust identification of the visible and infrared counterparts of the NuSTAR-detected sources. A total of 286 soft X-ray sources were detected, out of which 214 XMM-Newton sources have secure counterparts from multiwavelength catalogs.

2024 • The Astrophysical Journal
XMM-Newton Gaia JWST eHST 8
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