A Supernova Candidate at z = 0.092 in XMM-Newton Archival Data
Mereghetti, Sandro; Esposito, Paolo; Tiengo, Andrea; Israel, G. L.; Belfiore, Andrea; Novara, Giovanni; Salvaterra, Ruben; De Luca, Andrea; Campana, Sergio; Greiner, Jochen; Pian, Elena; Rosen, Simon; D'Avanzo, Paolo; Scodeggio, Marco; Vianello, Giacomo; Delvaux, Corentin; Lisini, Gianni
Italy, United States, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom
Abstract
During a search for X-ray transients in the XMM-Newton archive within the EXTraS project, we discovered a new X-ray source that is detected only during an ∼5 min interval of an ∼21 hr-long observation performed on 2011 June 21 (EXMM 023135.0-603743, probability of a random Poissonian fluctuation: ∼1.4 × 10-27). With dedicated follow-up observations, we found that its position is consistent with a star-forming galaxy (SFR = 1-2 M⊙ yr-1) at redshift z = 0.092 ± 0.003 (d = 435 ± 15 Mpc). At this redshift, the energy released during the transient event was 2.8 × 1046 erg in the 0.3-10 keV energy band (in the source rest frame). The luminosity of the transient, together with its spectral and timing properties, make EXMM 023135.0-603743 a gripping analog to the X-ray transient associated to SN 2008D, which was discovered during a Swift/XRT observation of the nearby (d = 27 Mpc) supernova-rich galaxy NGC 2770. We interpret the XMM-Newton event as a supernova shock break-out or an early cocoon, and show that our serendipitous discovery is broadly compatible with the rate of core-collapse supernovae derived from optical observations and much higher than that of tidal disruption events.